Columbine and Lupine Are Toxic to Dogs — 27 Dog-Safe Perennials for Zones 4–9, with a Swap Chart for 7 Dangerous Look-Alikes

Columbine and lupine sit on the ASPCA’s toxic list for dogs — yet both are sold in the same nursery aisle as echinacea and bee balm, which are confirmed safe. The packaging does not say “toxic,” and nothing about the two plants signals danger to a gardener who bought them for their beautiful spikes and cottage-garden look. That gap is exactly where dogs get into trouble.

This guide resolves the confusion with 27 ASPCA-sourced perennials that are safe for dogs, organized by USDA hardiness zone so you can shop for your specific climate without guesswork. Each entry includes the zone range, bloom season, mature height, and ASPCA safety status. The toxic look-alikes table at the end maps each dangerous plant to its exact safe replacement — the same bloom time, the same height, the same visual role in the border, without the risk. If your dog has unsupervised garden access, start with that swap table before the plant list.

How to Filter This List Before You Buy

Two different standards appear in this guide. Plants labeled ASPCA Confirmed appear in the ASPCA’s Animal Poison Control database with an explicit “Non-Toxic to Dogs” classification—the highest certainty you can get without a controlled feeding trial. Plants labeled Not Listed Toxic are absent from the ASPCA toxic list, and no credible veterinary source flags them as dangerous; the distinction matters when you are choosing between two equally attractive options.

A few rules apply to every plant on this list. First, “non-toxic” means the plant’s chemical compounds do not harm dogs at typical nibble quantities—it does not mean a dog can strip an entire planting without experiencing stomach upset. Any large volume of plant fiber causes temporary GI distress in dogs. Second, this list is for dogs only. Daylilies, for example, are explicitly non-toxic to dogs but cause acute kidney failure in cats. If you share your home with both species, cross-reference every pick against the ASPCA cat list separately. Third, call (888) 426-4435 (ASPCA Animal Poison Control) any time you suspect a significant ingestion, regardless of a plant’s listed status.

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The ASPCA database does not contain every garden plant. Absence from the toxic list is not the same as a confirmed safety certificate—it simply means the plant has not generated enough reported ingestion calls to warrant a formal entry. For the plants in this guide marked “Not Listed Toxic,” multiple veterinary and horticulture sources (AKC, VCA Animal Hospitals, university extension services) corroborate their safety record before inclusion. Our broader hub on dog-safe garden plants by zone, light, and bloom season covers annuals, shrubs, and trees using the same two-tier standard.

Quick-Scan Table: All 27 Dog-Safe Perennials at a Glance

Use this table to match your zone first, then filter by bloom season to plan for continuous color. ASPCA status appears in the final column—“C” for Confirmed non-toxic, “NLT” for Not Listed Toxic.

Zone 4–5: Cold-Hardy Picks That Survive the Deep Freeze

Zone 4 means minimum winter temperatures between −30°F and −20°F. The five plants below handle that reliably, which means they also perform in zones 5 through wherever their upper zone limit lands. Start here if you garden in the upper Midwest, New England, or the Northern Plains.

1. Creeping Phlox (Phlox subulata, Zones 3–9)
The first spring bloomer on this list, creeping phlox carpets slopes and rock garden edges in pink, white, or lavender from April into May. At four to six inches tall, it grows below a dog’s nose line, which means casual sniffing rarely becomes chewing. The ASPCA confirms it non-toxic. It thrives in poor, well-drained soil and full sun—the same combination that makes rock walls and driveway edges difficult for other plants. Divide every three to four years when the center dies out.

2. False Indigo (Baptisia australis, Zones 3–9)
False indigo opens deep violet-blue racemes in May and June, then produces inflated black seedpods that rattle in autumn wind—four seasons of interest from one plant. The reason it earns a spot on this list beyond simple safety is its structural role: at three to four feet, it fills the space where lupine would otherwise go. Lupine (Lupinus spp.) appears on the ASPCA toxic list and causes vomiting, hypersalivation, and in large ingestions, severe cardiac and respiratory effects. Baptisia delivers nearly the same vertical flower spike and cool-season bloom window, without the toxicity. It is slow to establish—expect two to three seasons before full flowering—but once rooted, it lives for decades and requires zero intervention.

3. Astilbe (Astilbe x arendsii, Zones 3–8)
Astilbe is the correct answer for shaded Zone 4–5 gardens where most of the plants on this list need full sun. Its feathery plumes, available in white, pink, red, and lavender, bloom from June through August depending on variety. The foliage is deeply cut and fern-like—dogs generally leave it alone. No veterinary source lists astilbe as toxic to dogs, and it has no documented ingestion cases in the ASPCA call log. Choose early-blooming varieties (A. x arendsii ‘Bridal Veil’) for June color or mid-season types (‘Fanal’) for July, and keep the soil consistently moist—astilbe wilts dramatically if it dries out, which is the most common reason it fails in gardens.

4. New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae, Zones 4–8)
New England aster solves the “nothings blooming in September” problem that zone 4 gardeners know well. The purple or pink flowers open from August into October, providing late-season pollen for bees and color when most other perennials are winding down. The ASPCA confirms it non-toxic. Cut it back by half in late June to prevent flopping and encourage denser branching—unpinched plants can reach six feet and lean over paths where dogs walk. ‘Purple Dome’ stays naturally compact at two to two-and-a-half feet, making it the better pick for smaller yards.

5. Spiked Speedwell (Veronica spicata, Zones 3–8)
Spiked speedwell produces upright spikes of blue, purple, or white flowers from June through August. At twelve to twenty-four inches, it works as a border front or middle plant depending on variety. Its neat, tidy habit makes it look deliberately placed rather than casual, and it holds up well to wet Zone 4 springs. No credible veterinary source lists veronica species as toxic to dogs. The ‘Royal Candles’ cultivar stays tight at eighteen inches and reblooms lightly if you remove the spent spikes before they set seed.

Zones 4–9: The Workhorses That Fit Any US Garden

These thirteen plants cover the full zone 4 through 9 range, which means they work in the vast majority of US gardens. If you only plant from one section of this guide, plant from this one.

6. Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea, Zones 3–9)
Echinacea is the single most garden-proven dog-safe perennial on this list. The ASPCA confirms it non-toxic, it blooms from June to September with minimal care, and the seedheads persist through winter as bird food—a functional garden plant in every season. The mechanism behind its long use in herbal medicine (polysaccharides that stimulate macrophage activity) does not cause harm in dogs at grazing quantities. Deadhead spent flowers to extend the bloom, or leave them standing for goldfinches after August. ‘Magnus’ grows to three feet with slightly reflexed petals; ‘PowWow White’ stays at eighteen inches for smaller beds.

7. Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia fulgida ‘Goldsturm’, Zones 3–9)
Black-eyed Susan is the perennial that looks like it should be on the toxic list—the bold yellow daisy with a dark center sits next to rudbeckia hirta on shelves, and the genus name sounds clinical—but no ASPCA listing exists for any rudbeckia species as toxic. ‘Goldsturm’ is the gold standard cultivar: it blooms from July to September, grows eighteen to twenty-four inches without staking, and spreads slowly by rhizome to form a solid colony over three to four years. This is the correct replacement for yarrow in sunny borders. Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is toxic to dogs via sesquiterpene lactones—symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, and dermatitis. Rudbeckia delivers the same yellow summer color without any of those compounds.

8. Tickseed (Coreopsis verticillata ‘Moonbeam’, Zones 3–9)
Coreopsis is explicitly confirmed non-toxic by the ASPCA. ‘Moonbeam’ produces soft yellow flowers on thread-like foliage from June through September, reblooms reliably without deadheading, and tolerates drought once established. At eighteen to twenty-four inches, it fills mid-border gaps with almost no maintenance. For orange-red color without toxic yarrow, use ‘Cranberry Ice’ coreopsis or ‘Sizzle & Spice Curry Up’ alongside ‘Moonbeam’—the zone range is the same.

9. Bee Balm (Monarda didyma, Zones 4–9)
Bee Balm’s shaggy red, pink, or purple flower heads open from June through August and draw hummingbirds reliably. The ASPCA confirms it non-toxic. The practical caveat is powdery mildew: standard bee balm cultivars are prone to the fungal infection by late summer, especially in humid zones. Choose mildew-resistant cultivars—‘Jacob Cline’ (red, to four feet) or ‘Raspberry Wine’ (deep magenta, to three feet)—and the foliage stays presentable through the bloom season. Space plants at eighteen to twenty-four inches for air circulation, and never overhead water once temperatures rise above 80°F.

10. Blazing Star (Liatris spicata, Zones 3–9)
Liatris blooms from the top down—the opposite of most spike flowers—producing dense purple or white wands from July to September. It grows from corms and tolerates clay soil better than most prairie natives. No veterinary source lists liatris as toxic to dogs; the AKC includes it on its safe-plant list, and no ASPCA ingestion record exists for the species. At two to four feet, it works as a vertical accent alongside lower mounding plants. Plant the corms two to three inches deep in fall or spring—they establish quickly and naturalize over time.

11. Catmint (Nepeta x faassenii ‘Walker’s Low’, Zones 3–9)
Catmint (not catnip—Nepeta cataria is the species that causes the catnip response) produces clouds of lavender-blue flowers from May through July, then reblooms in August if you shear it back by one-third after the first flush. The mounding, silver-grey foliage stays attractive when not in bloom. No credible source lists nepeta faassenii as toxic to dogs; the herb family compounds that concern cats (nepetalactone) are present at much lower concentrations in ornamental catmint than in true catnip, and dogs lack the feline-specific receptor pathway that triggers the behavioral response. ‘Walker’s Low’ reaches eighteen to thirty-six inches, which is misleadingly named—it is not low-growing but grows in a graceful mound.

12. Coral Bells (Heuchera micrantha, Zones 4–9)
The ASPCA confirms alumroot (Heuchera sanguinea, same genus) non-toxic, and the entire heuchera group carries the same safety profile. Coral bells is primarily a foliage plant—the delicate, airy flower wands are a bonus in late spring, but the real value is the leaf color: burgundy (‘Palace Purple’), caramel (‘Caramel’), lime-green (‘Lime Rickey’), or silver-marbled (‘Pewter Veil’). It tolerates partial shade, which makes it the go-to plant for the shadier areas where coneflower won’t bloom well. Divide every three to four years when the crown heaves out of the soil, which is a normal characteristic rather than a disease.

13. Daylily (Hemerocallis spp., Zones 3–10) ⚠️ DOGS ONLY
Daylily carries the most important asterisk on this list. The ASPCA’s own plant database classifies hemerocallis as “Non-Toxic to Dogs”—confirmed—but lists it as toxic to cats, where even pollen contact can trigger acute kidney failure. If cats have access to your garden, do not plant daylilies. For dog-only yards, daylilies are among the most rewarding perennials available: each bloom lasts one day (hence the name), but a single clump produces dozens of buds across a four-to-six-week window. ‘Stella de Oro’ (twelve to eighteen inches, gold) reblooms from June to frost. ‘Happy Returns’ (eighteen inches, pale yellow) overlaps with ‘Stella’ for continuous color. Both are widely available in zones 3 through 10.

14. Sedum ‘Autumn Joy’ (Hylotelephium spectabile, Zones 3–9)
The plant sold for decades as ‘Sedum Autumn Joy’ was renamed Hylotelephium spectabile ‘Herbstfreude,’ but you’ll still find it labeled as sedum at most nurseries. The bloom cycle is the key feature: flat-topped flower heads open dusty pink in August, deepen to salmon-red in September, and turn rust-brown by October, remaining ornamental through the first hard frosts. Bees cover the flowers during the September phase, making this one of the last pollinator plants standing in northern gardens. No veterinary source lists any Hylotelephium or Sedum spectabile as toxic to dogs. The fleshy stems and leaves do not appeal to most dogs, further reducing accidental ingestion risk.

15. Russian Sage (Salvia yangii, formerly Perovskia, Zones 4–9)
Russian sage provides the tall, airy, blue-grey presence that lavender delivers in warmer climates—but without lavender’s ASPCA toxic classification. The ASPCA lists lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) as toxic to dogs via linalool and linalyl acetate. Russian sage, despite similar aromatic foliage and blue flower spikes, carries none of those listed toxic agents. Multiple veterinary sources include it on safe-plant lists. The silver stems and fine-textured foliage are ornamental even before the blue spikes emerge in July. Cut it back hard to six inches in early spring—it blooms on new wood, so aggressive spring pruning produces the fullest late-summer display.

16. Blanket Flower (Gaillardia x grandiflora, Zones 3–10)
Blanket flower produces warm-toned yellow, orange, and red daisy flowers from June to September, blooming for roughly fourteen weeks with minimal deadheading—one of the longest bloom windows of any perennial on this list. It is genuinely drought-tolerant once established, requiring no supplemental watering in zones 5 through 7 after the first season. No credible veterinary or ASPCA source lists gaillardia as toxic to dogs. The cultivar ‘Goblin’ stays at twelve inches with classic red-and-yellow blooms; ‘Arizona Sun’ reaches fourteen inches and was the first Fleuroselect Gold Medal gaillardia for bedding performance.

17. Garden Phlox (Phlox paniculata, Zones 4–8)
Garden phlox delivers the white or pink fragrant columns that make mid-summer borders smell like summer evenings. It is distinct from the creeping phlox at #1—a much taller, upright plant—but both phlox species carry the same non-toxic safety profile. No ASPCA listing exists for phlox paniculata as a dog hazard. The main cultural challenge is powdery mildew, the same issue as bee balm. Select ‘David’ (white, to four feet, disease-resistant) or ‘Laura’ (purple-eyed white, three feet, high mildew resistance) over older catalog varieties that require constant fungicide applications.

18. Meadow Sage (Salvia nemorosa ‘May Night,’ Zones 4–9)
Meadow sage blooms in May and June with dense violet-purple spikes that earned ‘May Night’ the Perennial Plant of the Year designation in 1997—a recognition that still holds up. It reblooms in late summer if you cut the spent spikes back to the basal rosette. At eighteen to twenty-four inches, it forms a tidy mound that pairs naturally with yellow coreopsis or white garden phlox. No veterinary source lists ornamental salvias (nemorosa, x sylvestris types) as toxic to dogs; culinary sage (Salvia officinalis) is explicitly confirmed non-toxic by the ASPCA, and the ornamental species carry the same safety profile.

Zones 5–8: Native Choices for Mid-Range Climates

These five plants are especially well-suited to zones 5 through 8, the most commonly gardened range in the US. Three are native to North American prairies, making them naturally adapted to variable summers and cold winters without supplemental irrigation after establishment.

19. Cranesbill (Geranium sanguineum, Zones 3–8)
Buy the right geranium. Pelargonium species—the annual “geraniums” sold in spring six-packs—are listed by the ASPCA as mildly toxic to dogs, causing vomiting and lethargy. Hardy cranesbill (Geranium sanguineum) is a completely different genus with no such listing and no documented toxicity concerns. The magenta-pink flowers open in May and June over deeply cut, maple-like leaves that turn red in fall, giving this compact ground-cover plant three ornamental seasons. It grows eight to twelve inches tall and spreads to eighteen inches, which is the right scale for path edges and border fronts in part-shade to full-sun positions.

20. Foxglove Beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis ‘Husker Red,’ Zones 2–8)
The name is deliberate: this plant is the correct substitute for true foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), which contains cardiac glycosides and is toxic to dogs, causing vomiting, cardiac arrhythmia, and potentially fatal heart failure. Penstemon digitalis produces similar tubular white flowers on upright three-to-four-foot stalks in May and June, with burgundy-flushed foliage in ‘Husker Red’ that persists through the season. No ASPCA listing exists for penstemon as toxic. It is fully hardy to zone 2, tolerates clay soil, and once established requires virtually no intervention. If you have ever loved the look of foxglove but worried about dogs, penstemon digitalis is the exact botanical swap.

21. Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa ‘Fireworks,’ Zones 4–9)
Goldenrod’s reputation as a hayfever plant is undeserved—the pollen is heavy and insect-carried, not wind-dispersed; the actual culprit is ragweed, which blooms at the same time. For dogs, multiple sources including AKC and veterinary clinics list goldenrod as non-toxic. ‘Fireworks’ earns its name: the arching stems spray horizontally and the yellow flowers create a true fireworks silhouette in August and September. At three to four feet, it adds late-season structure when many perennials are declining. Cut it back hard to six inches in spring before new growth emerges.

22. Anise Hyssop (Agastache foeniculum, Zones 5–9)
Anise hyssop smells like root beer—the aromatic foliage contains methyl chavicol, an anise compound—but no evidence suggests dogs are attracted to it for that reason, and no veterinary source lists it as toxic. The lavender-blue flower spikes bloom from June to September and attract hummingbirds, monarchs, and swallowtails in numbers disproportionate to the plant’s modest size. It self-seeds freely in zones 5 through 7, which can be managed by cutting spent spikes before seeds drop. In zones 8 and 9, treat it as a short-lived perennial that benefits from division every two to three years.

23. Prairie Coneflower (Ratibida columnifera, Zones 3–9)
Prairie coneflower looks like echinacea redesigned by someone who liked elongated centers—the tall, thimble-like dark cone protrudes up to two inches above the drooping yellow petals. It blooms from June to September, tolerates drought and clay better than echinacea, and self-seeds to naturalize in disturbed soil where other perennials struggle. No ASPCA listing exists for ratibida as toxic, and it is included in native plant guides for dog-friendly wildlife gardens. At twelve to twenty-four inches, it combines naturally with liatris and black-eyed Susan in a low-maintenance prairie palette.

Zones 6–9: Warm-Climate Perennials for the South and Pacific Coast

Gardeners in USDA zones 6 through 9 have options that northern zones cannot support. These four plants take advantage of milder winters and longer growing seasons.

24. Gaura / Lindheimer’s Beeblossom (Oenothera lindheimeri, Zones 5–9)
Gaura’s botanical name shifted from Gaura lindheimeri to Oenothera lindheimeri in recent taxonomy revisions—either name will get you the right plant at nurseries. The wiry stems carry small white or pink flowers that flutter in the slightest breeze from June through October, one of the longest bloom seasons on this list. Multiple veterinary and horticulture sources list it as non-toxic to dogs. It is genuinely heat- and drought-tolerant in zone 8 and 9 summers where other perennials stall. Cut it back to the crown in early spring—it blooms on new wood and emerges reliably even after hard Zone 6 winters.

25. Autumn Sage (Salvia greggii, Zones 6–9)
Autumn sage is one of the few perennials that blooms in spring, pauses in summer heat, then resumes in fall without deadheading—flowering from April through November in zones 7 and 8. The small scarlet, pink, or coral flowers attract hummingbirds on both passes. No ASPCA or veterinary listing exists for Salvia greggii as toxic to dogs; it belongs to the same large safe-sage family as Salvia nemorosa and culinary sage. At two to three feet, it tolerates drought once established and requires no staking. In zone 6 winters, mulch the crown with three inches of wood chips to protect against freeze-kill.

26. Gerbera Daisy (Gerbera jamesonii, Zones 8–11)
The ASPCA explicitly confirms gerbera daisy non-toxic to dogs—it appears by name in the ASPCA’s non-toxic plants database. In zones 8 through 11, it overwinters as a perennial and blooms in spring and fall; in zones 4 through 7, it functions as an annual or container plant that can be overwintered indoors. The large, cheerful flowers in red, orange, yellow, pink, and white work as cut flowers as readily as garden plants. In zone 8 and 9 gardens where many popular perennials lack heat tolerance, confirmed-safe gerbera fills the same bright-daisy role that coneflower fills in colder zones.

27. Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus, Zones 7–11)
Rosemary was reclassified from Rosmarinus officinalis to Salvia rosmarinus in 2017, but nurseries still sell it under the old name. In zones 7 through 11, it overwinters as a woody perennial sub-shrub, blooming with small blue flowers in late winter and early spring. The ASPCA confirms culinary sage (Salvia officinalis) non-toxic to dogs, and rosemary carries the same safety profile across all veterinary sources. In zones 4 through 6, grow it in a container that comes indoors in winter—the summer placement in the garden still provides months of color. The aromatic foliage does not appeal to most dogs, making it one of the lower-ingestion-risk plants on this list regardless of zone.

The Most Dangerous Look-Alikes: Toxic Perennials to Remove Today

The plants below are commonly sold at garden centers and appear in established gardens across every zone. Each has a close visual or functional substitute on the safe list above. If any of these are currently in your yard and your dog has unsupervised access, removal or fencing-off is the correct response.

One practical note: peony (Paeonia spp.) also appears on the ASPCA toxic list via phenol compounds, causing vomiting and diarrhea. It is one of the most commonly planted perennials in zone 4 and 5 gardens and one of the most frequently overlooked when dog-proofing an existing landscape. If your yard has established peonies, a barrier fence around the planting is the simplest resolution rather than removal, since peonies require years to re-establish from transplant and the blooms come and go quickly.

For a complete walkthrough of creating a safe outdoor space, see our guide on designing a pet-safe backyard, which covers fencing, ground covers, and hardscape choices beyond the plant list.

The Dog–Cat Split: Why This List Does Not Work for Both Pets

Daylilies (Hemerocallis) are the clearest example of why dog-safe and cat-safe are not interchangeable terms. The ASPCA classifies all hemerocallis species as non-toxic to dogs and toxic to cats—the same plant, two entirely different risk profiles. In cats, daylily exposure causes acute kidney injury within 24 to 48 hours; even pollen contact from grooming can be sufficient. Dogs lack the specific metabolic pathway that produces the nephrotoxic effect in cats, so the same plant that is dangerous to a cat is documented as safe for a dog.

If your household has both dogs and cats with outdoor access, treat every plant on this list as a starting point, not a final answer. Cross-reference with the ASPCA cat-specific database before planting any new perennial. Plants confirmed safe for both species include echinacea, coreopsis, coral bells, bee balm, aster, creeping phlox, and meadow sage—all explicitly confirmed non-toxic to both on the ASPCA lists. Russian sage, catmint, blanket flower, and coreopsis appear on safe lists for both animals across multiple veterinary sources even where the ASPCA entry does not specify cats separately.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is lavender safe for dogs in the garden?
No. The ASPCA lists lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) as toxic to dogs via linalool and linalyl acetate. The aromatic compounds that make lavender pleasant to humans cause vomiting and nausea in dogs, especially when ingested in any quantity. Russian sage (Salvia yangii) provides a visually similar silver-grey aromatic plant with blue flower spikes without the toxic listing. Plant Russian sage in the same sunny border position where lavender would go.

Are hostas toxic to dogs?
Yes. The ASPCA explicitly classifies hosta as toxic to dogs via saponins, causing vomiting, diarrhea, and depression. Hostas are one of the most widely planted shade perennials in zones 3 through 9, which makes them a significant hazard in gardens with dogs. For dog-safe shade planting, replace hostas with astilbe (feathery plumes, zones 3–8), coral bells (colorful foliage, zones 4–9), or cranesbill (low mound, zones 3–8)—all of which tolerate partial to full shade and carry no toxic listing.

Can dogs eat coneflowers (echinacea)?
Nibbling a few petals will not harm your dog. The ASPCA confirms echinacea non-toxic, and the plant is used in veterinary medicine as an immune supplement at controlled doses. A dog that strips an entire planting may experience mild gastrointestinal upset from the volume of fibrous plant material—not from chemical toxicity. For dogs that regularly graze plants, provide enrichment elsewhere in the yard to reduce plant-chewing behavior rather than removing safe perennials.

Are daylilies safe for dogs?
Yes—for dogs only. The ASPCA confirms hemerocallis non-toxic to dogs. However, daylilies are toxic to cats and should not be planted in gardens where cats have access. If you have both dogs and cats, omit daylilies and choose echinacea, coreopsis, or bee balm for similar bloom-time summer color.

What should I do if my dog eats a garden plant?
If the plant is on the ASPCA non-toxic list and your dog ate a small quantity, monitor for gastrointestinal upset and offer water. If the plant identity is unknown, the dog ate a large quantity of any plant, or you see vomiting, tremors, or lethargy, call ASPCA Animal Poison Control at (888) 426-4435 or your veterinarian immediately. Do not wait for symptoms to appear with suspected toxic plant ingestions, especially foxglove, delphinium, or any unknown plant. Bring a photo or sample of the plant if possible.

Sources

[1] ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. “Toxic and Non-Toxic Plant List — Dogs.” aspca.org. Accessed May 2026.

[2] ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. “Yarrow (Achillea millefolium).” aspca.org. Accessed May 2026.

[3] ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. “Hosta (Hosta plataginea).” aspca.org. Accessed May 2026.

[4] ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. “Day Lilies (Many Varieties).” aspca.org. Accessed May 2026.

[5] ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. “Coreopsis.” aspca.org. Accessed May 2026.

[6] USDA Agricultural Research Service. “USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map.” planthardiness.ars.usda.gov. 2023 edition.